![]() ![]() After you have entered values for two, click on the text representing the third to calculate its value. Specifying any two of the quantities determines the third. It does not apply directly on the very small scale of the atom where quantum mechanics must be used.ĭata can be entered into any of the boxes below. It does not apply directly to situations where the mass is changing, either from loss or gain of material, or because the object is traveling close to the speed of light where relativistic effects must be included. It is applicable only if the force is the net external force. ![]() Newton's Second Law as stated below applies to a wide range of physical phenomena, but it is not a fundamental principle like the Conservation Laws. The example here presumes that no other net forces are acting, such as horizontal motion on a frictionless surface. The straight line motion in the absence of the constraining force is an example of Newton's first law. If the string breaks, the ball will move off in a straight line. The string must provide the necessary centripetal force to move the ball in a circle. There is no way to say which reference frame is "special", so all constant velocity reference frames must be equivalent. If an object is at rest in one frame of reference, it will appear to be moving in a straight line to an observer in a reference frame which is moving by the object. Newton's First Law contains implications about the fundamental symmetry of the universe in that a state of motion in a straight line must be just as "natural" as being at rest. The statement of these laws must be generalized if you are dealing with a rotating reference frame or any frame which is accelerating. Such a frame is often referred to as an "inertial frame". The statements of both the Second Law and the First Law here are presuming that the measurements are being made in a reference frame which is not itself accelerating. ![]() The First Law could be viewed as just a special case of the Second Law for which the net external force is zero, but that carries some presumptions about the frame of reference in which the motion is being viewed. Any change in motion involves an acceleration, and then Newton's Second Law applies. It may be seen as a statement about inertia, that objects will remain in their state of motion unless a force acts to change the motion. Newton's First Law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force. ![]()
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